Haydn’s oratorio, composed in 1801 on a scenario by Baron Gottfried van Swieten, moves through the seasons from spring to winter, alternating between episodes in a popular or pastoral style and grand, majestic choral scenes: dawn, a storm, the hunt, the harvest. But there are also melancholic moments of prayer or dejection, as well as monumental fugues like the one that closes “Winter,” and passages that seem to predict the audacity of Romanticism, like the sound painting of the thick fog…